Science
We believe in transparency and evidence-based nutrition. Below is a concise summary of key findings with direct links to peer-reviewed sources and official summaries.
Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)
Antioxidant; part of the original AREDS combination that reduced progression to advanced AMD in high-risk participants.
Vitamin E (D-Alpha Tocopherol Succinate)
Antioxidant; included in AREDS but trials of vitamin E alone show mixed results for AMD.
Folate (Folic Acid)
Daily folic acid with vitamins B6/B12 was associated with lower AMD risk in a large trial.
Vitamin B12
Supports optic nerve health; deficiency can cause vision problems and optic neuropathy.
Zinc
Essential for retinal enzymes and dark adaptation; in AREDS, zinc with antioxidants reduced progression to advanced AMD.
Copper
Included in AREDS to prevent copper-deficiency anaemia associated with high-dose zinc; not a direct AMD treatment.
Bilberry Extract
Traditional use for night vision not well supported; newer trials suggest benefits for screen-related eye fatigue.
Astaxanthin
Potent antioxidant; early studies suggest reduction in eye strain and support for retinal health, especially for screen fatigue.
Grape Seed Extract
Proanthocyanidins show antioxidant and neuroprotective effects; limited human data but promising in preclinical retina models.
Lutein & Zeaxanthin
Macular pigments filtering blue light; in AREDS2, replacing beta-carotene with lutein/zeaxanthin improved outcomes and safety.
Important notes
AREDS/AREDS2: Strongest evidence applies to intermediate AMD, not prevention or cure of all eye diseases.
Disclaimer: This summary is informational only. Consult a healthcare professional before starting any supplement.